Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated during the incomplete combustion of carbon-based materials and have been identified as mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and immunotoxic agents. Maternal exposure to PAHs via inhalation, occupational exposures, dietary intake, or dermal absorption has been linked to an elevated risk of infertility, spontaneous abortion and preterm birth. PAHs can cross the placenta, potentially leading to adverse fetal outcomes including growth…
