Bipolar affective disorder has traditionally been defined by episodic mania and depression, largely restricted to Bipolar I and II categories. However, growing evidence suggests this framework underrepresents the broader longitudinal spectrum and may misclassify a subset of cases as borderline personality disorder (BPD) or other comorbidities. A narrative review was conducted, integrating historical and conceptual analyses of diagnostic frameworks (DSM-III to DSM-5), epidemiological studies over…
