Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental condition characterised by impairments in sustained attention, executive functioning, and emotional regulation, with significant lifelong consequences if untreated. Recent years have seen substantial increases in ADHD diagnoses and stimulant prescriptions across children, adolescents, and adults, alongside a parallel rise in the non-medical use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by neurotypical individuals. This…
