CONCLUSION: Research connecting hEDS and HSD to their orthopedic, autonomic, immunologic, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities has expanded rapidly over the past decade, driven largely by a few geographically isolated research clusters. Despite this growth, the immunologic and mast cell activation literature remains substantially underdeveloped, and collaboration across these research groups remains limited. Future efforts should prioritize cross-disciplinary and cross-national collaboration, with…
