Targeted and Untargeted Urinary Metabolomic Analyses of Organophosphate Pesticides Exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

CONCLUSION: This metabolomic analysis suggests that OPs exposure and oxidative stress may be associated with metabolic changes in ADHD, particularly in energy metabolism and amino acid pathways. The identified biomarker panel may help distinguish children with ADHD from controls. Larger studies with multiple exposure assessments are warranted.

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