Serum GDF-15 Levels in Pediatric ADHD: Associations with Symptom Severity and Stimulant Exposure

CONCLUSION: Serum GDF-15 levels were not associated with symptom severity or stimulant exposure in children with ADHD. Although no significant associations were identified in this sample, further adequately powered longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the potential role of GDF-15 and inflammatory pathways in pediatric ADHD.

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