Prevalence and outcomes of co-occurring psychiatric and endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders: An atlas based on umbrella review of 254,154,533 records

Psychiatric disorders frequently co-occur with endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders, complicating diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. To date, no umbrella review (UR) has summarized the corresponding evidence. We conducted a UR of meta-analyses of observational studies reporting the prevalence and outcomes of comorbid endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders (DSM/ICD criteria, PubMed/Medline/Scopus/Embase/Web of Science, 13/10/2025). Meta-analytic prevalence and…

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