Maternal Diabetes and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Association: A Narrative Review on Emerging Evidence, Research Gaps and Future Directions

Maternal diabetes includes pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with increasing prevalence globally. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. This narrative review synthesizes epidemiological and mechanistic evidence published mainly since 2023 to explore the association between maternal diabetes and ADHD in offspring. Pooled data show that maternal diabetes increases offspring ADHD risk by…

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