Developmental transdiagnostic externalizing problems-including harmful substance use, conduct issues, oppositional-defiance, and ADHD-related hyperactivity-impulsivity-have significant societal impacts, contributing to high costs in areas such as incarceration, delinquency, unemployment, and relationship challenges. These issues also exhibit notable sex differences: males tend to show higher prevalence, while females, though less affected overall, often face more severe outcomes. Despite these…
