CONCLUSION: Qiangzhi Fang improved behavioral phenotypes in a preclinical rat model of TD comorbid ADHD and was associated with changes in striatal TH and p-CaMKII expression. These findings suggest a possible neuromodulatory role of Qiangzhi Fang, although the mechanistic evidence remains preliminary. This study may provide an experimental basis for further investigation of herbal formulations in TD and ADHD.
