Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes that leads to vision impairment and blindness. This study aims to assess the causal relationships between genetically predicted psychiatric disorders and DR risk, as well as the reverse causal effect of DR on psychiatric disorders. Methods: A 2-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using genetic variants from large-scale genome-wide association studies as instrumental variables. Exposures…
