Photobiomodulation (PBM), particularly transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS), has emerged as a promising non-invasive method to enhance cognitive functions in healthy individuals and those with neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Conventional pharmacotherapy often fails to improve cognition effectively and can produce adverse effects. In contrast, TILS of the prefrontal cortex modulates brain energy metabolism through mechanisms like mitochondrial upregulation, improved…
