Tourette syndrome (TS), a common pediatric neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics, is often accompanied by high rates of comorbidities, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The TS pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, with current theories focusing on the basal ganglia and cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit dysfunction. However, discrepancies in the brain volumetric changes were reported by…
