Wnt signaling has increasingly drawn attention in discussions of ADHD, yet the peripheral status of its upstream regulators remains largely uncharted. In this study, we examined circulating levels of four key modulators of this pathway-Dkk-1, PORCN, Notum, and Tiki-1-in a sample of children and adolescents with an ADHD diagnosis. A total of 158 children and adolescents, comprising 82 with ADHD and 76 healthy controls aged 8-18 years, were enrolled. ADHD diagnoses were established according to…
