Atomoxetine hydrochloride impairs human sperm quality and function via disruption of calcium homeostasis and PKC signaling: A combined network pharmacology and in vitro study

Atomoxetine Hydrochloride (ATX) is a widely prescribed first-line pharmacotherapy for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite its chronic use among men of reproductive age, the potential impact of ATX on male fertility remains largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the toxicological effects of ATX on human sperm and to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. In vitro exposure of human sperm to ATX (1-500 μM) revealed a significant concentration- and…

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