Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is frequently associated with complex psychiatric comorbidity, including high rates of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), which may influence treatment outcomes. Although pharmacological treatments are effective for core ADHD symptoms, real-world response remains heterogeneous, and the contribution of specific substance-related and neurodevelopmental factors to treatment response is not fully understood. Methods: This…
