Psychiatric and neurological disorders often co-occur, complicating their assessment, management, and outcomes. No umbrella review (UR) has summarized the meta-analytic evidence on the co-occurrence of psychiatric and neurological disorders and assessed its credibility. Meta-analytic systematic reviews of observational studies documenting the prevalence and outcomes associated with the co-occurrence of neurological and psychiatric disorders, indexed from inception through August 25, 2025, and…
