CONCLUSIONS: This study advances cross-cultural ADHD research on EF by using a robust methodology, including consistent diagnostic and testing procedures, propensity score matching, and person-centered analysis. Our findings suggest that high-EF-expectation environments may have a negative effect on EF in children with ADHD, which provides insight into the underlying contributors to heterogeneous EF and underscores the need for culturally tailored ADHD interventions.
