This longitudinal, population-based cohort study examines the direct and indirect associations between adolescent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and/or Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms and adult incomes. Moving beyond a simple direct link, our model explores how ADHD and/or ODD symptoms indirectly affect the accumulation of human, social, and health capital, which in turn may affect productivity and income. The population was drawn from members of the Northern…
