Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are heterogeneous and multifactorial psychiatric disorders with abnormalities in multiple biological domains. It is increasingly recognized that the placenta profoundly influences fetal neurodevelopment due to the finding of the placenta-brain axis. However, few studies have investigated the interplay between placenta dysfunction and NDDs, especially autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and…
